Historical African Trade Routes
Long before the Portuguese began sailing along the West African coast in the 15th century, the kingdoms of western Sudan were sources of gold that formed the basis for extensive trade routes across the Sahara, throughout north Africa, and even linking Africa
Philosophy of Money
ABSTRACT: This article is an attempt to sketch a philosophical view of money as a social phenomenon. I show that the way to understand the substance of money is to analyze its meaning as a medium of exchange in connection with its meaning as a purpose of exchange, thereby providing an investigation of its social value. This approach has been used by many of the great philosophers and economists of the past, but not today. Modern economics is a policy oriented theoretical discipline and concentrates its efforts on solving practical tasks. I hope to contribute a philosophical approach to economic research.
Philosophy of science
Introduction
Scientists are unbiased observers who use the
scientific method to conclusively confirm and conclusively falsify various
theories. These experts have no preconceptions in gathering the data and
logically derive theories from these objective observations. One great strength
of science is that it’s self-correcting, because scientists readily abandon
theories when they are shown to be irrational. Although such eminent views of
science have been accepted by many people, they are almost completely untrue.
Data can neither conclusively confirm nor conclusively falsify theories, there
really is no such thing as the scientific method, data become somewhat
subjective in practice, and scientists have displayed a surprisingly fierce
loyalty to their theories. There have been many misconceptions
the-middle-east
French Marxist Philosopher Luis Althusser’s essay “Contradiction
and Overdetermination,” went passed my eyes this month in which he
enumerated and analyzed the circumstances and factors which
contributed to Russia’s Bolshevik revolution in 1917. His findings
were premised on the principle hypothesis that happening of any
abortion of history or abrupt change―we call revolution―is not
attributed to a singular instrumental force in a social multitude.
Instead, as he dwelt on the contradictions prevalent in the
